C# Learning Roadmap

Step-by-step guide to becoming a C# developer in 2025

15
Learning Steps
4
Foundation
7
Advanced
4
Specialization

1 C# & Object-Oriented Programming

Language fundamentals and core object-oriented concepts you need to start building C# applications.
Variables & Data Types
Built-in types, var/const, casting, nullable types
Control Flow & Operators
if/else, switch, loops (for/while/foreach), arithmetic and logical operators
Methods & Parameters
Method declaration, ref/out/in parameters, optional params, overloading
Strings & Text Manipulation
Interpolation, StringBuilder, formatting, basic parsing
Collections Basics
Array, List<T>, Dictionary<TKey,TValue>, basic iteration
Enums & Simple Types
Enums, flags, simple value types
Classes & OOP Fundamentals
Classes, properties, constructors, encapsulation, inheritance, interfaces (core OOP concepts)
Generics & Equality
Generic types, constraints, equality (Equals/GetHashCode, IEquatable<T>)

2 .NET Platform & Tooling

How .NET runs your code and how to work efficiently
Prerequisites: Step 1
dotnet CLI
build/test/run/publish, SDK-style projects
Runtime (CLR)
JIT, GC, managed vs unmanaged
NuGet
Dependencies, versioning, central package management (optional)
Git
Branching, PRs, code reviews
Project Structure
Solution, projects, namespaces, analyzers
Debugging
Breakpoints, watches, dumps basics

3 Error Handling & Diagnostics

Exceptions, logging, and observability
Prerequisites: Step 1
Exception Handling
try/catch/finally, best practices
Custom Exceptions
Domain-specific exceptions
Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
ILogger abstractions, providers, scopes
Serilog
Structured logs, sinks (console/file/seq), enrichment
log4net
Classic .NET logging (optional)
Tracing & Metrics
OpenTelemetry basics (optional)

4 Collections & LINQ

Working effectively with data in memory
Prerequisites: Step 1
Collections Deep Dive
HashSet, Queue/Stack, LinkedList, concurrent collections
LINQ
Deferred execution, projection, grouping, joins
IEnumerable vs IQueryable
In-memory vs provider queries
Streams
Stream, File I/O, async streams (overview)

5 Async & Concurrency

Asynchronous programming, threading and synchronization
Prerequisites: Step 4
Task & async/await
CancellationToken, Task.WhenAll, timeouts
Async Streams
IAsyncEnumerable, await foreach
Threading Basics
ThreadPool, SynchronizationContext
Synchronization
lock, SemaphoreSlim, Concurrent* collections
Parallelism
Parallel.ForEach, PLINQ (optional)

6 Memory & Performance

Write efficient code and understand allocations
Prerequisites: Step 2, Step 4
Allocation Awareness
Boxing, closures, string allocations
Span<T>/Memory<T>
High-performance memory access
Profiling
dotnet-trace, dotnet-counters, profilers
Interop
IDisposable, SafeHandle, P/Invoke basics (optional)

7 Testing & Quality

Build confidence and maintainability
Prerequisites: Step 1, Step 3
Unit Testing
xUnit/NUnit/MSTest, assertions
Mocking
Moq/NSubstitute, fakes, test doubles
Integration Testing
TestServer/WebApplicationFactory (optional)
Static Analysis
Analyzers, StyleCop, nullable warnings

8 Data & Persistence

SQL basics, ORMs, migrations, caching
Prerequisites: Step 4, Step 5
SQL Fundamentals
SELECT/JOIN/INDEX/STORED PROCEDURE/TRIGGER, transactions basics
Entity Framework Core
DbContext, tracking, migrations, performance
Dapper
Micro-ORM for hot paths (optional)
SQL Server
Microsoft SQL Server, T-SQL, SqlClient
PostgreSQL
Postgres, Npgsql driver, JSONB basics
Oracle
Oracle DB, ODP.NET / Oracle.ManagedDataAccess

9 Caching

In-memory + distributed caching patterns and tools
Prerequisites: Step 8
In-memory cache
IMemoryCache, cache-aside, TTL, eviction
Distributed cache
IDistributedCache, serialization, key design
Redis
Most common distributed cache (strings, hashes, pub/sub)
Memcached
Simple, widely-used distributed cache (key/value)
NCache
.NET-focused distributed cache (often used in enterprise)
Cache invalidation
Versioned keys, stampede protection, refresh-ahead

10 ASP.NET Core Web

Build production-grade web apps/APIs
Prerequisites: Step 5, Step 7, Step 8
HTTP & REST
Status codes, headers, idempotency
Razor Pages
Page model, handlers, routing
Minimal APIs
Endpoints, filters (optional)
Web API
Controllers, model binding, validation
Middleware
Pipeline, exception handling middleware
Dependency Injection
Service registration & lifetimes (Scoped, Transient, Singleton), options pattern and resolution
.NET Aspire
Guided mini-projects to build small end-to-end .NET apps and practice architecture, DI, testing, performance and deployment.
Swagger / OpenAPI
Auto-generate API docs and interactive UI
GraphQL
Flexible query API alternative to REST
Ocelot (API Gateway)
Lightweight API gateway for microservices routing
.NET MAUI
Cross-platform native apps for mobile & desktop

11 Security

Protect apps and data
Prerequisites: Step 10
Authentication
Cookies, JWT, OpenID Connect concepts
Authorization
Policies, roles, claims
Web Security
XSS, CSRF, CORS, headers
Secrets Management
User secrets, env vars, vaults (optional)

12 Real-Time Communication

Push, streaming and messaging in distributed systems
Prerequisites: Step 10
WebSockets
Persistent connections, basic realtime patterns
SignalR
Hubs, groups, scaling out, backplanes
RabbitMQ
Message broker, pub/sub, queues, background processing

13 Design & Architecture

Patterns and maintainable architectures
Prerequisites: Step 1, Step 7, Step 9
SOLID
Core OO design principles
Common Patterns
Factory, Strategy, Adapter, Decorator
Clean Architecture
Layering, boundaries, DTOs
CQRS/Eventing
Intro to CQRS, messages (optional)
Object Mapping
Converting one type to another (AutoMapper)

14 Modern C# (C# 10-12+)

Use modern language features effectively
Prerequisites: Step 1
Records
Value-like types, immutable models
Pattern Matching
switch expressions, property patterns
Nullable Reference Types
Avoid null bugs
Source Generators
Compile-time code generation (optional)

15 Dev Workflow & Delivery

Ship software reliably
Prerequisites: Step 2
Build & CI
dotnet test, pipelines, GitHub Actions
Docker
Images, containers, compose (optional)
Deployment
Hosting basics, configs, environments (optional)
SonarQube
Continuous code quality and static analysis
Exception Monitoring
Production error tracking (Sentry, App Insights)

Test Your Knowledge

Ready to challenge yourself? Try our C# quiz to assess your skills!

Start Quiz